Re: [PATCH 1/7] rcu: Make call_rcu() safe to call from any context

[Puranjay Mohan <puranjay12@gmail.com>]

On Sat, Sep 19, 2026 at 3:07 PM Boqun Feng <boqun@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> On Fri, Sep 18, 2026 at 05:32:52PM -0700, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> > From: Puranjay Mohan <puranjay@kernel.org>
> >
>
> Hi,
>
> Sorry for a bit late repsonse.
>
> > RCU's per-CPU callback list is only touched with interrupts disabled: the
> > enqueue runs under local_irq_save() (and the nocb locks when offloaded),
> > as do callback invocation and grace-period work.  A call_rcu() that
> > arrives with interrupts already disabled, whether from an NMI or from
> > instrumentation that re-enters RCU, can interrupt one of those and corrupt
> > the list or deadlock.
> >
> > Defer instead: stage the callback on a per-CPU llist and raise an irq_work
> > that re-issues it once interrupts are on, straight to the enqueue so it
> > cannot defer again.  The gate is bare irqs_disabled(), so callers that
> > merely hold interrupts off are deferred too and pay one irq_work hop.
> > Skip it while the scheduler is down (RCU_SCHEDULER_INACTIVE): irq_work is
> > not usable that early, rcu_init() already calls call_rcu(), and the per-CPU
> > deferral state is not initialised until rcu_init_one() runs later in it.
> >
> > rcu_barrier() drains every CPU's ->defer_head before it scans the lists,
> > and rcutree_migrate_callbacks() drains an outgoing CPU's.  A drain
> > re-issues onto the draining CPU, so a barrier moves other CPUs' staged
> > callbacks onto
> > its own ->cblist; call_rcu() promises no CPU affinity for invocation.
> > ->defer_lock is held across llist_del_all() and the whole re-issue so the
> > drainers
> > serialize: one that finds the list empty can conclude that everything
> > staged before it is already on a callback list.  Interrupts stay off for
> > the batch.  Where the arch has an irq_work self-IPI that is what one
> > interrupts-disabled region could stage, normally a single callback; where
> > arch_irq_work_has_interrupt() is false the drain waits for the tick, so
> > several regions can accumulate first.
> >
> > The drain clears ->next before re-issuing.  A double call_rcu() on a head
> > that is already debug-object-active self-links the staged node, and
> > rcu_do_enqueue()'s duplicate path returns without clearing it, so the
> > drain would spin.  A re-add behind other staged callbacks makes a longer
> > cycle, which that does not bound; a double call_rcu() stays undefined.
> > llist_del_all() yields newest-first, so a batch is re-issued in reverse
> > call order; nothing depends on call_rcu() ordering.  The re-issue drops
> > the lazy hint, since staging records only ->func, so a deferred callback
> > loses its batching on CONFIG_RCU_LAZY.  kasan_record_aux_stack() moves to
>
> I'm not sure this is a good idea, because it effectively remove LAZY
> support when DEFER is enabled. Since the goal of this patchset supports
> BPF and NMI, would it be nicer that we skip the whole defer logic if the
> callback is LAZY? Alternatively, you can have two llist (one for hurry
> and one for lazy).

I had made this trade-off of removing the Lazy tag as I thought it is
not necessary to support lazy when call_rcu() is called from nmi and
bpf based instrumentation as they should not be frequent. But I like
the idea of two lists (skipping the defer logic is not possible as it
could lead to deadlocks/corruption). I will also investigate if we can
put the Lazy tag on the ->next pointer. But will it be acceptable if I
do that as a follow up? I want to get the base support fully validated
with the BPF side changes. I also have more optimizations planned as
suggested by Sebastian.

Thanks,
Puranjay